Mary Wollstonecraft s Vindication Of The Rights Of Women

Mary Wollstonecraft’s famous book, Vindication of the Rights of Women, is â€Å"one of the earliest expressions of a feminist consciousness.† Wollstonecraft claims that women are upset mainly due to the fact that they are not receiving the education they deserve, and goes on to explain how women are notorious for being weak, and mentally unstable. She blames the education system for this since all the books are written by men, and they claim that women are barley humans and are treated as another species. She questions the eligibility of men to claim they are better than women. A useful education, in her opinion, is one that teaches students how to be strong and independent. Her directed audience is anyone who is unsure of the true definition and meaning of feminism. Wollstonecraft believes that all humans are capable of the same intelligence, no matter the gender. Her overall idea is that every individual, both male and female, deserve equality. In addition to education, Wollstonecraft brings the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau to the reader’s attention because he claims that women should not feel independent, and they should be a man’s companion. â€Å"†¦In 1792 the British writer Mary Wollstonecraft directly confronts Rousseau’s views of women and their education†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This â€Å"initiated a debate that echoed throughout the centuries followed.† Even today, this debate is still prevalent among both young and old people. When discussing the topic of feminism, a variety ofShow MoreRelatedThe Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1369 Words   |  6 Pages Mary Wollstonecraft, a Futuristic Feminist This research project addresses the work of Mary Wollstonecraft, The Vindication of the Rights of Women. To investigate this, I will first summarize her work and someone else s interpretation of it, then analyze the author, voice, message and significance, and finally analyze the two works to answer the question, What are the current ideas about your philosopher? How have their ideas influenced us today?. My first souce will be the primary source ofRead MoreThe Feminist Philosphoy and May Wollstonecraft743 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom conventional Mary Wollstonecraft called for more equality between the sexes; she ignited the flame that would turn into the feminist movement we know today. Wollstonecraft was a key founder of feminist philosophy. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) stated her view that women should have a wider access to education, not taught to depend on their beauty. â€Å"A committed women’s liberationist cannot retire from the job, only die at it.â₠¬  (Dann, 1985) Mary Wollstonecraft encompassed this perfectlyRead MoreFeminism : Mary Wollstonecraft1734 Words   |  7 Pagesmore and more women in positions of power. However, feminism has changed and evolved since the first writers expressed their wish for more women’s rights, as do all movements. â€Å"It is time to †¦ restore to them their lost dignity—and make them, as a part of the human species, labour by reforming themselves to reform the world,† wrote Mary Wollstonecraft in her Vindication in the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft 49). Mary Wollstonecraft, the mother of the feminist movement wanted women to be able toRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Men By Mary Wollstonecraft929 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion, race, and gender. However, Mary Wollstonecraft shows in â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Men† that true virtue is defined by moral excellence of a person. In â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Men† by Wollstonecraf t, the path to virtue is through equality. The effects of virtue are illustrated through the characteristics of morality, individualism, and humility. Mary Wollstonecraft emphasizes morality throughout the letter to Edmund Burke. Wollstonecraft quotes that â€Å"customs were establishedRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women By Mary Wollstonecraft1192 Words   |  5 Pages Mary Wollstonecraft was a woman who lived during the late 18th century and chafed under the societal expectations places upon her. Inspired by the writing, A Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, which demanded equal rights for both men and women, Wollstonecraft published her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which called for both men and women to realize their roles concerning inequality. The book also allowed for Wollstonecraft to express her ideas and methods forRead More A Vindication of the Right of Women and Woman in the Nineteenth Century1387 Words   |  6 PagesEducation of Women in A Vindication of the Right of Women and Woman in the Nineteenth Century      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In two centuries where women have very little or no rights at all, Mary Wollstonecraft and Margaret Fuller appear as claiming voices, as two followers of feminism. Two women separated by a century but united by the same ideals. In these male- dominated societies, these two educated women tried to vindicate their rights through one of the few areas where they could show their intelligence: literatureRead MoreMary Wollstonecraft s A Vindication Of The Rights Of Woman1090 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 24, 2015 Mary Wollstonecraft Along came passionate, bold Mary Wollstonecraft who caused a sensation by writing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (FEE). Wollstonecraft is known for her astonishing tone and serving the basis for equal rights on the behalf of women. Through writing she formed an active power of speech with the mindset of knowing she would succeed in this fight of equality. Mary was not only a woman s rights activist, but emphasized the essential rights of all people. EspeciallyRead MoreVoices Beyond Exploitation : Gender Norms And Racial Bias1657 Words   |  7 PagesVoices beyond Exploitation: Gender Norms and Racial Bias in 18th Century Poetry From the mid-18th century until present day, Africans and people of African descent, as well as female poets who advocated for equal rights began to write down their personal stories of how slavery and social restrictions have impacted their lives. At first they would write in small paragraphs and poems, but later they would create collections of slave and feminist literature, that once published reached a range of peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Deja Williams 2890 Words   |  12 PagesDeja Williams  †¢ Introduction ​Mary Wollstonecraft was born April 27, 1759, in London. She was the second child and eldest daughter of Elizabeth Dixon, who hailed from Ballyshannon, Ireland. Mary’s father, Edward John Wollstonecraft, was a handkerchief weaver. He decided to become a gentleman farmer after he got an inheritance from his father, a master weaver and residential real estate developer, but farming was a bust. The family moved seven times in ten years as their finances deteriorated. EdwardRead More Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft uses both her experience and observations as a rhetorical device in an attempt to educate women about the necessity of having both a strong mind and body. Throughout A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft emphasizes the importance of these virtues by responding to other author’s ideas on the subject and using their words as evidence of how the patriarchal society views women and their ‘roles’ as citizens of society

Essay on Fight Club - Conformity vs Rebellion - 1333 Words

Fight Club - Conformity vs Rebellion The conflict between conformity and rebellion has always been a struggle in our society. Fight Club is a movie that depicts just that. The movie portrays the polarity between traditionalism and an anti-social revolt. It is the story of man who is subconsciously fed up with the materialism and monotony of everyday life and thereafter creates a new persona inside his mind to contrast and counteract his repetitive lifestyle. The main character is actually unnamed, but sometimes is referred to as Jack, which comes from a medical book he reads in the Tyler’s house perhaps. He is the normal, everyday, worker bee that carries on his overly boring life day in and day out because he is the typical†¦show more content†¦He observes the aftermath of vehicular violence with as much dispassion as another inter-office memo passing across his desk. Death and violence are trivialized by the brutal nature of his job. He subconsciously yearns for death and violence to be tangible, n ot something he witnesses after the fact. One sleepless night, he decides to go into a support group for testicular cancer survivors. He has never had cancer but finds release by pretending to sob on the shoulders of other recovering men. The ultimate letting go permitted in the support group clues us in to the mental illness we are about to watch unravel amid the violence and desperation of Fight Club. Eventually, he starts attending other support groups; he becomes addicted to addiction recovery from his lack of a social life. On a plane during one of his business flights, Jack for once has an empty seat next to him. He is so used to discussing lifes unimportant matters with â€Å"single-serving† friends in the neighboring seat that, on this occasion, he invents the perfect one to fill the void. Enter Tyler Durden, a mysterious man who is apparently full of information. Subliminal images of him are present early the film. He flashes onto the screen in four split-second appearances before they actually encounter each other. This is to show how Tyler has always been inside Jack’s mind, just waiting for his chance to come out. Tyler also briefly appears in a television ad for an upscale restaurant that Jack watchesShow MoreRelatedDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words   |  57 Pagestasks of adolescents. The question of who am I? is not one that teens think about at a conscious level. †¢ Establishing autonomy.  Some people assume that autonomy refers to becoming completely independent from others. They equate it with teen rebellion. Rather than severing relationships, however, establishing autonomy during the teen years really means becoming an independent and self-governing person  within  relationships. †¢ Establishing intimacy.  Many people, including teens, equate intimacyRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words   |  57 Pagesof adolescents. The question of who am I? is not one that teens think about at a conscious level. †¢ Establishing autonomy.  Some people assume that autonomy refers to becoming completely independent from others. They equate it with teen rebellion. Rather than severing relationships, however, establishing autonomy during the teen years really means becoming an independent and self-governing person  within  relationships. †¢ Establishing intimacy.  Many people, including teens, equate intimacyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages6 (2005), pp. 1185–1203; and S. E. Scullen, M. K. Mount, and T. A. Judge, â€Å"Evidence of the Construct Validity of Developmental Ratings of Managerial Performance,† Journal of Applied Psychology 88, no. 1 (2003), pp. 50–66. 9. F. Luthans, â€Å"Successful vs. Effective Real Managers,† Academy of Management Executive (May 1988), pp. 127–132; and F. Luthans, R. M. Hodgetts, and S. A. Rosenkrantz, Real Managers (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988). See also F. Shipper and J. Davy, â€Å"A Model and Investigation ofRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesemployees but asked them to accept lower salaries and unpaid leave to help the company through this rough spot.37 It soon beca me clear, however, that HP’s very survival was at stake as it battled with efï ¬ cient global competitors such as Dell and Canon. To ï ¬ ght back, HP merged with Compaq, but by 2004 it had been forced to lay off over 40 percent of its employees and outsource thousands of jobs abroad in order to remain competitive. Fiorino still believes, however, that HP’s values will survive its crisisRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTable 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 10.1 Table 10.2 Knowledge constituting philosophical assumptions Hierarchy of science and organization theory Fatalism and optimism in the ‘new’ modernist organization Bell’s stages of societal development Fordism vs. post-fordism The incidence of part-time work in European Union member states Modernism versus postmodernism Affirmative versus sceptical postmodernism The changing condition of knowledge Pay and profits: Long run performance of FTSE 100 companies (2002

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Free Essays

string(101) " increase amount of overall collected taxes but also to decrease the demand for particular products\." Introduction As an assistant manager for Skanska I have been asked by my manager to explain how fiscal and monetary policy decisions affect the business in which I work. To undertake this task I will provide explanation of the fiscal and monetary policies. I will also explain what interest rate is and what could be possible changes on it. We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal and Monetary Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Additionally, I will explain how both policies could make changes in employment level. Fiscal policy Economic climate is essential to be controlled within every single county because this helps control important activities within the particular country. All countries where economy is developed created and follow polices which ensure that money spent by government are used in an appropriate way. Those policies are known as fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy could be defined as a legislation which was introduced by government to control the economy. The fiscal policy control and affects public taxation, public expenditure and borrowing money. Fiscal policy includes direct and indirect taxation, public finances, public sector borrowing, pre-budget report and redistribution of income. The purpose of fiscal policy is to monitor, control and support economy as a whole. (Ref. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/f/fiscalpolicy. asp#ixzz1nhAdVG74) Taxation Taxation could be defines as a collection of money by government from their citizens and corporation businesses to found operational expenditure of the country. Changes in taxation would have a large influence on economy because amount of obtained money could be spent for different purposes or needs of the country. Taxation could be divided into two main types which are direct and indirect taxation. Ref. Book: Business level 3, Book Publisher: Edexcel Page: 300 Author John Bevan) Direct Taxation This particular type of taxes is paid by population and businesses on their income and profit. If the amount of income is higher than the higher will be direct tax which will have to be paid. Direct taxes could be collected by government in form of income tax, corporation tax, council tax, working tax, road tax, capital gains tax, inheritance tax, stamp duty, national insurance (NI). (Ref. Class notes- Direct and Indirect taxation Lecturer- Brenda Horan Date- 06/02/2012) Income TaxIncome Tax rates 2011-12 by tax band and type of income Income tax is a main financial source for government to found activities of the country and public services. This is pay by anyone within the country who has an income. It is protected by legislation that organisations and individuals have to proof how much income was generated for each year. Income tax could be calculated in three ways which is 20, 40 and 50 percent. Additionally, there is a possibility of personal allowance which means that some people income is not taxable as they do not earned enough to pay income tax. This tax year the basic personal allowance or tax-free amount is ? 7,475. Furthermore, some people may be entitled to a higher Personal Allowance if they have reached the age of 65 or over. (Ref. http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/incometax/basics. htm) †¢ National Insurance Contributions This is another form of tax which is based on income. National Insurance contribution also known as NI is paid by employees and employers to the government. NI is dependable on the amount of money which is earned by each party and whether people are employed or self-employed. Through National Insurance contributions employees are building up to entitlement for different social benefits if they have to. Additionally, NI building up a form of state pensions when employees would be retired. There is one restriction where people do not have to pay NI and this is when they reach retirement age. (Ref. http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/incometax/basics. htm) †¢ Corporation Tax Corporation tax is a form of tax which is based on taxable profits of all businesses. This is why organisations do their best to reduce amount of corporation tax. The most common way to deduct the amount of corporation tax is to reinvest the profit into the further development of the business. (Ref. http://lexicon. ft. com/Term? term=corporation-tax) Indirect Taxation Indirect taxes are charged by government on producers or suppliers. The main aim of these taxes is to reduce pollution and improve the environment. The examples of indirect taxes are value added tax (VAT), excise duty, air passenger duty, insurance taxes such as car, home or pet insurance, TV licence or driving licence. (Ref. http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-marketfailure-indirect-taxation. tml) †¢ Value Added Tax (VAT) This type of tax is charged almost on all products or services provided by organisations. For instance businesses pay VAT for all products which are needed to manufacture the products and then VAT is paid by customers if they want to buy manufactured products. VAT could be charged into three different rates which are standard rate 20%, reduced rate 5% and zero rated 0%. Standard rate is most common form of VAT and this is paid on almost all products or services unless they have been specified to reduce or zero rate. Reduced rate is depend on products it’s self and the circumstances of the sale. The most common example of reduced rate VAT are domestic fuel and power, installation of energy saving materials, sanitary hygiene goods or children’s car seats. Zero rated VAT is similar to the reduced rated VAT as is depend on products it’s self and the circumstances of the sale. The example of this type of VAT could be products or services such as food apart from the meals purchased in restaurants or hot takeaways, books and newspapers, children’s clothes and shoes, public transport. (Ref. http://www. hmrc. gov. k/vat/start/introduction. htm) †¢ Excise Duty This is another form of indirect tax which is only paid for certain products on the market. Excise duty tax is added to the goods or services which might be luxuries, danger for environment and harmful for the health of population. The examples of products which include excise duty are tobacco, spirits and beers, oil or gambling. The government has introduced excise duty to increase amount of overall collected taxes but also to decrease the demand for particular products. You read "Fiscal and Monetary Policy" in category "Papers" (Ref. http://customs. hmrc. gov. uk/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp. ortal? _nfpb=true;_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides) †¢ Air Passenger Duty Air passenger duty is paid by airlines to the government for carriage passengers from UK airports. International booked passengers who are coming into the country are exempted to pay this duty. Since 2009 air passenger duty is paid by the amount of flies whereas use to it was charged by every single passenger. The changes amended in this type of taxation increased prices of airline tickets as organisations are forced to pay more taxes. The main purpose of collection of air passenger duty is to raise extra funds to upport economy but also for environmental reasons. (Ref. Book: Business level 3, Book Publisher: Edex cel Page: 301 Author John Bevan) Public Finances Public finances could be referred as the amount of money which government pays for its expenditures through collection of taxes and borrowing. To support community within the country the government provides valuable activities such as security, education, transport and health support. Running the following activities might cost government millions so this is why appropriate amount of collected taxes is essential. Government have to balance overheads for different departments in appropriate way and ensure that money spent in certain area would benefit population and generate future return in the economy. (Ref. http://glossary. econguru. com/economic-term/public+finance http://www. etvotenow. org/financial-tips/public-finance-definition-know-your-environment-in-the-business-world-233. html) Public Sector Borrowing Public sector borrowing also known as a Public Sector Cash Requirement could be defined as an amount of money which government has to borrow from Bank of England to operate essential activities provided to the public. Public sector cash requirement occurs when the country does not collect enough finances to cover overheads of essential activities. If that would happen, then country will start going into the debt what would disadvantage economy and community as less money might be invested in public interest. (Ref. http://www. qfinance. com/dictionary/public-sector-borrowing-requirement) Impact of Fiscal policies on Skanska? Changes made within Fiscal policy would have a large impact on business operations. Skanska could be affected by any decisions made within these policies as any decisions could change the activities and revenues of the business. For instance, if government cut down the spending costs to build hospitals or motorways then Skanska will lose contracts, which simply means there would not be projects undertaken by my organisation. This situation would be reflected in the release of employees as the organisation might not be able to afford to maintain workforce. Additionally, this would affect the manufacturing organisations as they would not be able to supply Skanska with their products and therefore less money will be generated and flowed into the economy. How does Fiscal policy affect Skanska? Skanska operates in construction industry so any changes in fiscal policy would affect overall operation of this business. Skanska as a one of leading construction organisations in the United Kingdom would be affected by positive or negative outcome. For instance, if government would change income tax band from taxation element for higher then this would benefit this organisation as there would be a possibility to pay lower amount of taxes by Skanska. The example could be that if government increase the income tax band of 50% from 150,000 to 200,000 then my chosen organisation would generate higher revenue as even if they would achieve revenue of 180,000 the business will under the 40% of income tax band. The effect of changes in this fiscal policy could create more profit for Skanska so owners, stakeholders and employees might benefit from this fact as higher amount of money obtained by the business could be shared into these parties. Additionally, the result of fewer taxes paid by my organisation would nathnelo investors and owners to reinvest extra income in the business. Reinvestment of generated profit would be equalised to the expansion of Skanska what might create new jobs for employees due to further investments. Changes in public sector borrowing would also affect Skanska because if government would not collect enough taxes than it automatically decrease amount of possible spending’s into the economy. In the past the government applied Golden Rule of public borrowing which state that it should never be borrowed more than 40% of overall income from economy. Due to recession in United Kingdom the government has to break this rule to reduce possibility of bank collapse. In 2010 the government decided to introduce Fiscal Responsibility Act which is about limiting the amount of government borrowing. This act is mended to stop the country to follow into the debt. Due to breaking Golden Rule decision my chosen organisation had better opportunities to undertake any projects as more money were flowing into the economy. (Ref. Book: Business level 3, Book Publisher: Edexcel Page: 301 Author John Bevan) Monetary Policy Monetary policy is interlinked to fiscal policy and it was created by the government to support and control an economy activities. Monetary policy influence aggregate demand, employment level, money supply, the interest rate that is offered by central bank and the level exchange rate within the country. In the United Kingdom the central bank is the Bank of England which is in charge of interest and exchange rates or money supply. Additionally, the Bank of England is responsible for the amount of money that banks need to keep in the vault which is also known as bank reserves. The purpose of monetary policy is to control and stabilize overall economy within the country. (Ref. http://www. nvestopedia. com/terms/m/monetarypolicy. asp#ixzz1oQuE0cW4) Aggregate Demand Aggregate Demand could be defined as the total demand for provided goods and services produced within the economy over a certain period of time. Aggregate demand is considered as the sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Aggregate demand has a large influence on the economy as a whole because its increase or decrease would generate positive or negative outcomes in the economy. (Ref. http://finance-dictionary. com/definition/a/aggregate-demand/) Interest Rate Interest rate could be defined as the amount of percentage charged by lender usually banks to the borrower. The percentage of interest rate is based on the annual basis also known as Annual Percentage Rate (APR) and this is dependable on the value of borrowed money or assets. The example of borrowed assets could be cash, beneficial goods of consumers and large assets such as vehicles or premises. If the interest rate is low then there is frequent possibility of larger investments as the businesses do not have to pay back much more than it was borrowed from the bank. Ref. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/interestrate. asp#axzz1oRT2mwKL) Employment Level Employment level could be defined as the population who is currently working and this is presented in form of percentage. The level of employment is very important factor to be considered by government because through this aspect the taxes are collected which could be reinvested into the economy. Employment level is affected by mo netary policy because if inflation level would increase then more likely the wages of employees would be higher. The overall result from this situation could be that the employer might reduce workforce to cut down cost which possibly would decrease aggregate demand due to less people would have confidence in spending money. (Ref. http://www. economicshelp. org/blog/453/unemployment/definition-of-full-employment/) Impact of Monetary policies on Skanska The changes in monetary policy would have a large influence on my chosen business because changes amended in these policies could have knock-on effect in my organization. For instance, changes of the interest rate for lower could lead to the situation where Skanska might invest in latest machinery as interest rate on this purchase will be lower so the business would save money if the make a purchase in this period. Additionally, low interest rate might create situation where population would be less likely to make a savings due to low interest which they could receive. If population would not be interested in saving then they would prefer to spend the money which they earn so the economy would benefit as the aggregate demand would increase. How does Monetary policy affect Skanska? Implementation of monetary policy could affect industry within my chosen business operates. Through increase or decrease of interest rates Skanska would be affected by the changes in demand of provided services by population. For instance, if government would decrease the level of interest rate than this might stimulate higher aggregate demand because people would have more money to spent. If population have a confidence to spend money than my chosen business is more likely to convince potential customers to make the purchase. Additionally, lower interest rate would attract Skanska for new investments due to low interests which need to be paid back. This is also easier for construction industry to find new invertors all over the world as in this period investors are able to generate large return of invested finances. If government and central bank would decide to raise interest rate than this would disadvantage my chosen organisation as opposite effect which most likely would reduce aggregate demand and inflation. Employment level would be affected by changes in monetary policy which could create different situations within operation of Skanska. Government do their best to keep inflation at 2% which means that economy would be stable and wages would be increase by similar level. Low raise of inflation would means that employees have a job security due to steady costs of business. For instance, if inflation would drastically rise then wages would increase too so as a result business might not be able to afford workforce due to too high overheads. (Ref. http://tutor2u. net/economics/content/topics/ad_as/ad-as_notes. htm) How fiscal and monetary policy would help Skanska to achieve its objectives. Skanska committed their selves to outperform business in the management of the environment, health ; safety and the engagement with the communities they work in as well as the project performance and profitability. The achievement of main aims is depended on the legislations of government. Through changes in fiscal policy my chosen organisation would be able to generate outcome which would benefit the business and the productivity of economy. For instance, if inflation increased due to raise of aggregate demand than increased spending would most probably decrease national debt at least in short term. Also decrease of income tax would increase the amount of available organisational income which might increase the aggregate demand. Appropriate changes in fiscal policy could create significantly impact the national income and therefore have immediate effect on the economy. Another benefit which Skanska could obtain from changes in fiscal policy is higher profitability and motivation of workforce if taxes on wages would be decreased. Additionally, if higher amount of people and organizations would earn more than automatically the government would collect more taxes such as VAT or income tax. Growth of economy would also means that government would spend less money for different types of benefits which support unemployment community. (Ref. http://12chunso. wordpress. com/2011/05/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fiscal-policy/ http://library. thinkquest. org/19110/english/advantag/index. html http://www. economicshelp. org/macroeconomics/fiscal-policy/fiscal_policy. html) On the other hand, Fiscal policy have great influence on businesses operation so government have to ensure that amended changes do not affect the organisations in the way that they would not be able to operate. For instance if government would increase the income tax as too high level than organisation would not be interested in feather operations as too much amount of taxes which will have to be paid to government would be seen as not reasonable and the organisations might be closed down. This would create negative outcome for economy because if businesses will be closed down then unemployment would increase and more money government will have to spend to support those people and no taxes at all would be collected as organisations would abandon from operations. Additionally, changes in direct taxation or government spending may take considerable time because of both political and moral reasons. For instance, taxing rich people more than the others might be seen as unfair treatment for parties who are charged higher. (Ref. http://12chunso. wordpress. com/2011/05/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fiscal-policy/ How monetary policy would help Skanska to achieve its objectives. http://www. ehow. com/facts_5796267_benefits-policy-over-fiscal-policy_. html) Conclusion Overall, I have described what fiscal and monetary policies are and what is involved in those aspects. Also I have explained how does policies affect my chosen organisations and what out6come could be generated through changes in both policies. The fiscal and monetary policies are closely interlinked to each other. Fiscal and monetary policies are very important to be managed in an appropriate manner by government because wrong changes would not only affect businesses within the country but also the economy as a whole will be affected. Bibliography AuthorPageDate John Bevan Book- Business level 3 Page: 300-305 Publisher: Edexcel Class notes- Direct and Indirect taxation Lecturer- Brenda Horan Date- 06/02/2012 http://www. investopedia. com/terms/f/fiscalpolicy. asp#ixzz1nhAdVG74 http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/incometax/basics. htm http://lexicon. ft. com/Term? term=corporation-tax http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-marketfailure-indirect-taxation. html http://www. hmrc. gov. uk/vat/start/introduction. htm http://customs. hmrc. gov. k/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp. portal? _nfpb=true;_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides http://glossary. econguru. com/economic-term/public+finance http://www. etvotenow. org/financial-tips/public-finance-definition-know-your-environment-in-the-business-world-233. html http://www. qfinance. com/dictionary/public-sector-borrowing-requirement http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/monetarypolicy. asp#ixzz1oQuE0cW4 http://finance-dictionary. com/definition/a/aggregate-demand/ http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/interestrate. asp#axzz1oRT2mwKL How to cite Fiscal and Monetary Policy, Papers Fiscal and Monetary Policy Free Essays TOMAS L. OLFATO ANSWERS TO GROUP 4 EXAM ECON 204 (NOTE: ANSWERS ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW) PART I. (5 points each) A. We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal and Monetary Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now An increase in government spending will shift the IS curve to left increasing output with higher interest rate. [pic] Expansionary monetary policy or Contractionary monetary policy. a) To maintain the same level of output, what monetary policy should BSP implement? ANSWER: EXPANSIONARY MONETARY POLICY (Increasing money supply lowers interest rate) b) To maintain the same level of interest rate, what monetary policy should BSP implement? ANSWER: CONTRACTIONARY MONETARY POLICY (Reducing money supply results to an increase in interest rate) B. An inflationary gap occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply at full employment level of output. When there is increased spending and availability of money are high, prices start to rise resulting to an inflationary gap. What fiscal policy (Expansionary or Restrictive) should the government implement to dampen growth and lower inflationary pressures(5 points). ANSWER: RESTRICTIVE FISCAL POLICY (Racing taxes or cutting government spending to dampen GDP(Aggregate Demand) growth and lower inflationary ressures) [pic] C. A Deflationary gap occurs when aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demands at full employment level of output. The opposite of Inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment which can lead to economic depression. What fiscal policy (Expansionary or Restrictive) can government implement to stop severe deflation(5 points). ANSWER: EXPANS IONARY FISCAL POLICY ( Increasing government purchases, decrease in taxes and/or increase in transfer payments closes a recessionary gap, stimulate the economy and decreases the unemployment rate) pic] PART II. (2 points each) True or False: FALSE 1. The Keynesian school of thought is based on the premise that free markets can regulate themselves alone, free of any human intervention. There is an invisible hand that moves market towards a natural equilibrium, without the requirement of an intervention. TRUE2. Keynesian economic models stress the fact that government intervention is absolutely necessary to ensure growth and economic stability. The government has the very important job of smoothing out the business cycle bumps. TRUE3. In the Goods market, an increase in interest rate will result to a decrease in Money Demand while a decrease interest rate will result to an increase in Money Demand. TRUE4. In the financial market, an increase in interest rate will increase Money Supply while a decrease in interest rate will decrease Money Supply TRUE5. In liquidity trap, people are indifferent as to how much money or how many bonds they hold, so they are willing to hold fewer bonds and more money (more liquid) at the same nominal interest rate. The money supply will increase but the effect on the nominal interest rate remains zero. All the additional money is held as idle balances and equilibrium is unchanged. FALSE6. Disposable Income excludes both the negative impact of taxes and positive impact of transfer payments. FALSE7. Transfer payments decreases disposable income TRUE8. Fiscal neutrality creates a condition where demand is neither stimulated nor diminished by taxation and government spending. TRUE9. Crowding out effect happens when expansionary fiscal policy causes interest rates to rise, thereby reducing the investment or spending. If an increase in government spending and/or a decrease in tax leads to a budget deficit and this deficit is financed by increased borrowing, this creates demand for money and loanable funds. This will increase interest rates leading to a reduction in private consumption or investment. FALSE10. Expansionary fiscal policy increases national saving thereby reducing the supply of loanable funds and raising the equilibrium of the interest rate. PART III. (5 points each) 1. A monetary policy wherein the government steps on the break. RESTRICTIVE MONETARY POLICY 2. A policy that focuses on controlling price and interest rates. MONETARY POLICY 3. The most popular policy instrument. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS 4. A monetary policy instrument in which BSP have no total control. DISCOUNT RATE 5. When the government wants to reduce the money supply in open market, it has to. SELL BONDS TO THE PUBLIC PART IV. (10 points) If the government wants to solve the issue on economic growth by increasing the money supply, what should be the effect on interest rate, investment, and consumption? ^MONEY SUPPLY, v INTEREST RATE, ^INVESTMENT, ^ CONSUMPTION Please email your answers to nfpolintan@yahoo. com with copy to reydjee@yahoo. com and jlpolintan@yahoo. com THANKS How to cite Fiscal and Monetary Policy, Papers

IT and Business Fraud for Cyber Crime - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: What is Cyber Terrorism? Answer: As we are very well aware of this term, it is used to perform vicious acts that produces in or thwart the life which is lost extensively or majorly harm our bodily system in order to accomplish political activity which is gained through fear. Sometimes it also performs the act considerably by internet means in which all the terror activity includes. It consists of legitimate, comprehensive disruption of computer networks, specially of personal computers strings which is attached by this means, by the methodical tool which is called as computer virus. Cyber crime is a contentious term. Some book writers choose a very narrow meaning, which is related to deployments, terror groups which are formed worldwide and of course the common attacks against information system for the sole purpose to create fear and panicky between them. Some other writers according to their thinking prefer much too wider meaning which misrepresent this term in reality, cyber terror and cybercrime are both very different aspects and must be clear one at a time. Those people who create online terror should be called cyber minded freak when there is a fear running in peoples minds or groups. On the other hand, whereas cybercrime performs the act to obligate a criminal act or in simple words crime online drastically without any fear. By these slender and expansive definitions, it becomes an arduous task to recognize which are the main instance of online terror are cyber terror or cyber crime. Cyberterror can also be simplified as the deliberate use of computer, networks, and internet which is used by the people to create mass demolition which will prove fatal physically and mentally also. Vastly qualified terrorists who are very expert in terms of hacking can cause enormous damage to hospital records, governmental systems and multi-national defense programs, regularly which can foliage a nation in mayhem and in fear of additional attacks. The main motive of these terrorists might be opinionated or biased since this can be seen as a outline structure of inducing terrorism. There is a great deal of anxiety from administration and through other means about possible damages that could give an impression ,and this has dished out major efforts by administration agencies such as FBI and CIA agencies to completely close these cyber attacks and cyber terror. There have been countless instances of Cyberterror. Al-Qaeda took help from online to commune with cohorts and even to employ new members. Estonia, a Baltic country which is persistently developing in terms of techno. It became a combat zone for Cyberterror in 2007 after disputes a propos to the amputation of a WWII soviet statuette which is located at Estonias capital Tallinn. Cases of Cyber-Terrorism Flame: This type of cyber-crime is known as Skywiper and Flame, it is a modular computer malware that was found in 2012 as a bug which uses to attack the main component part in Middle Eastern countries which dash on Microsoft Windows as their working system. This is absolutely used by hackers for spying purpose, which destructs other systems over a (LAN) or USB device which can run on an approximate 1000 machines from personal individual, government organizations and learning institutions. It also minutes Skype conversations, audio recordings, screenshots, network traffic and keyboard activity. It was revealed on 2012 by The MAHER Center of Iranian National (CERT), the CrySys Lab, and Kaspersky Lab. PayPal It became a prey of this attack in 2010 after it everlastingly controlled the account used by Wiki Leaks to raise account, which sullied their adequate Use of policy as their main reason. But the scenario which occurred only resulted in numerous boycotts from the persons which are using it but also caused hackers to move in. Prevention of Cyber Terrorism This terror has continuously increased so much in India that it has produced a sense of fear among the people. While at the bottom, it remains to be seen as to how we can compute this unlawful method of crime or threat which is imposed in peoples minds. Now people have to stand up to the occasion and fight with all means thereby maintaining a co-operation between the people. Cyber crime can go down the lane back to 1944s attack on the communiqu system and logistic support of one country Germany. Thereafter , USA Defence Administration clearly started Computer Networks and the Internet which evolved ICANN to control cyberspace. In 1988, Osama Bin Laden established AL-Qaeda which is primarily based on the term Jihad in the same year. West German hackers accessed division of Defence System by the USA. Subsequently Gulf War was the first information which carried out or i-war. By 1995, this savvy became hugely popular through WWW in our country and before that other terror outfit (LTTE) groups ( ultimately is a military group which fought for a break up in Tamil state between 2009 and 1976) actions which were heavily reliant on internet and websites. Types of Cyber Terrorism Harassment on National Security: It depends mainly on secretive and discretion. When terrorists attacked upon them they deliberately delete or transform this information for the same purpose. Cyber crime is the forebear of Warfare: When one homeland purposefully creates terror activity among other state by using new technology, then it is called warfare or net war. System to transfer Terror communication: These cyber experts have devised a new method to create their own sites to send nessage and to correspond inside or between groups. Prosecution of Cyber Terrorism The first point is Mumbai (Maharashtra) (ANI): This (ATS) squad from Mumbai on that day left without any hiccups of hijacking or ransom ware virus attacks to their website. There were large number of automated teller machines which were shut down in the wake of WannaCry ransomware attack on website. An expert panel has discussed this matter seriously and they gave a suggestion that the government should come up with some regulatory laws and conditions which will favor people the most and they would be very well protected by these types of attacks which happen time to time. It is very well asserted that our country should expand their horizons and they should scoop out some measures to control this factor and the ambiguity of it. Duggal called for sound cyber securiry norms, various formulative policies, frameworks for building the Digital India eco-system. Duggal further stated that india should look at more international cooperative measures to clearly detect, prosecute and investigate these attacks simultaneously. What Our Governments Are Doing: Our government is certainly finding a way to deal with this menacing situation single- handedly. They have formulated various plans and methods to curb the flow of these cyber attacks which happen at regular intervals. They have joined forces with SPECIAL TASK FORCES to help our people from becoming a threat. They have conducted special raids which will benefit people and will give them the required safety norms issued to them. They have installed high surveillance cameras which functiones with regularity thereby it keeps a tab on each and every peoples activity. Our people should thank our government for showing faith and trust among them and also cooperating with them sincerely. Thus it becomes a mere responsibility for our countrymen to safeguard their web servers more secured. What laws are applied in cyber-terrorism? The large volume of terrorist has been harming people as well as government, and requires a serious consideration towards it. The UK government have been harmed due to the activities of the terrorist since 30 years in the political violence of Ireland. The affect on 11th September have been really shocking to the whole globe despite of United Kingdom. The doubt as well as the disbelief and that leads it to the lacking and attacks, the overall estimation of threats, and the responsive damage of the overturn principles as well as the methods, which are every proof regarding the traumatise scheme. As the outcome of such obvious ability of terrorism to undermine and harm otherwise only and independent communities that consist the authority to involve for the further strategizing as well as recognizing steps. It includes various laws, such as: Penn state law the primary measure in the conversation that should be applied on the definite principles on any authentic approach. As it has been described earlier that complete constitutional administration needs constant implementation of the count of the things. As for the authentic reaction, the conversation explained in the UK, in section 1 in the Terrorism Act 2000, it describes: In this act terrorism suppose to be the application or harm of the work, by The work relies in subsection (2) The application or threat is created to affect the government or to intimidate the open or the department of the public, and The application or the damage is created for the reason of developing the ideological, religious, or political cause. References Cavelty, Myriam Dunn 2011, Cyber-Allies - Strengths and weaknesses of NATOs cyber defence posture. academia.edu. Available at: https://ethz.academia.edu/MyriamCavelty/Papers/563353/CyberAllies_Strengths_and_weaknesse_of_NATOs_cyberdefense_posture Green, Joshua 2002, The Myth of Cyberterrorism. Washington Monthly. Specialised cybercrime units 2011, Council of Europe. Available at: https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/cybercrime/Documents/ReportsPresentations/Octopus2011/2467_HTCU_study_V30_9Nov11.pdf Havl?ek, Ji? 2011, NATO in 21st century. PraÃ… ¾sk studentsk summit. Available at: https://www.studentsummit.cz/data/1321994983703NATO_N21ST.pdf Shamoon virus targets energy sector infrastructure 2012, BBC News. Beaumont, Peter 2010, Stuxnet worm heralds new era of global cyberwar. The Guardian. Markoff, John 2010, A Silent Attack, but Not a Subtle One. New York Times. Brewster, Tom 2012, NATO: Cyber Terrorism Not Yet A Real Threat. TechWeek Europe. Available at: https://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/nato-cyber-terrorism-84942 Greiner, Lynn and Paul, Lauren Gibbons 2007, SLA Definitions and Solutions. CIO. Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/print/128900 Lewis, James 2002, Assesing the Risks of Cyber Terrorism, Cyber War and Other Cyber Threats. Center for Strategic International Studies. Available at: https://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/021101_risks_of_cyberterror.pdf DOC 2002, US Department of Commerce, Export Administration Regulations (EAR), 15 C.F.R. Parts 730-774. Sections 740.13, 740.17 and 742.15 are the principal references for the export of encryption items. Reuters 2000, Canadian dollar in for a ride with Martin Firing. https://biz.yahoo.com/rf/020602/canada_economy_dollar_2 .html