The Sans-Cullotes During the French Revolution :: History

The Sans-Cullotes During the French Revolution 1793 was an important year during the French Revolution, king Louis XVI was executed for his perjury, amongst other crimes. A month later, France declared war on Great Britain, causing food riots in Paris. There were also various "Federalist" revolts that erupted in many important provincial centres against Paris domination. The source is a public document, due to the fact that it was published in a newspaper, "Le Pà ¨re Duchesne". "Pà ¨re Duchesne" was a name given to certain pamphleteers, who became the voice of the "sans-culottes", pro-revolutionary town folk that didn't wear breeches, but wore workmen's trousers as a political gesture amongst the working class civilians. "Le Pà ¨re Duchesne" was written and published by Jacques-Renà © Hà ©bert, a French journalist and revolutionary, he gained the support of the working classes through his newspaper and was prominent in the Cordeliers. Hà ©bert was obviously interested in gaining political power through the general public with his pro-revolutionary views, however, eventually he was sentenced to death by the tribunal on the charge of formenting insurrection. Jacques-Renà © Hà ©bert provides useful information in the extract taken from "Le Pà ¨re Duchesne", on the "sans-culottes". He gives fairly detailed descriptions on who the "sans-culottes" really were: "The sans-culotte is useful because he knows how to plough a field, to forge iron, use a saw, to file, to roof a house, to make shoes-and to spill his blood to the last drop for the safety of the Republic" In the first paragraph of the extract, "the cream of sans-culotterie", is used to describe the finest of the working class "sans-culottes". This phrase is immediatly followed by, "the garrets of the working-men", in this case the word "garrets", means the attics or rooms in a roof. At the bottom of the first paragraph the author, mentions "l'Ami des Lois", this was a French theatrical comedy at the time, followed by "Chaste Suzanne", which was a popular operetta. "The citizenesses in the gallery", is used in the second paragraph to describe the women that the upper-class men would seek to win approval of. In the final paragraph, "the sans-culotte always has his sword with the edge sharpened, ready to cut off the ears of all opponents of the Revolution", is symbolic for uprising and anger of the pro-revolutionary "sans-culottes". In the extract, the testimony that the author, Jacques-Renà © Hà ©bert, wishes to convey is that, although the "sans-culottes", are lower, working-class citizens, they are still important and essential to the French Republic.

Increasing Crime Rate In India Essay

With the rapid urbanization and development of big cities and towns, the graph of crimes is also on the increase. This phenomenal rise in offences and crime in cities is a matter of great concern and alarm to all of us. There are robberies, murders, rapes and what not. The frequent and repeated thefts, burglaries, robberies, murders, killings, rapes, shoplifting, pick pocketing, drug- abuse, illegal trafficking, smuggling, theft of vehicles etc., have made the common citizens to have sleepless nights and restless days. They feel very insecure and vulnerable in the presence of anti-social and evil elements. The criminals have been operating in an organised way and sometimes even have nationwide and international connections and links. The political links of the criminals have complicated the matters. Kidnappers, rapists, murderers, smugglers and such other criminals are indulging in their crimes under the wings and protection of the political leaders. Steps should be taken to curb and eliminate this dangerous trend. The masses should rise to fight political patronage of criminals. Corrupt politicians should be denied party tickets and party positions. Read more: Essay About Crime Rate Increase Recently the Tan door Murder case shocked the whole country, and now the Balboa Srivastava case and involvement of many leaders has come to light rich men and their wards are being kidnapped openly for ransom. Old, retired and lonely men and women living in posh colonies are easy targets of these criminals. The servants murder their masters and decamp with their booty. The old men and women cannot do without domestic help and servants. And writher turn, the servants are killing and murdering them. The police and the administration are to be blamed for the deterioration of law and order in the cities. Precious little is being done to check these very serious crimes. Sometimes, policemen are a party to these crimes. They get their share of the loot. The crime situation in other metropolitan cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras etc. is almost the same. Crimes are being committed in an organised manner. Criminals have turned professionals and can be hired by anyone who  can pay them handsomely, Well educated young men, belonging to good families have been found involved in many a crime. Some criminals get a hint from Indian and foreign films and TV serials. If they succeed in committing one crime successfully, they become fabulously rich. They find it worth all the trouble and risk. Mumbai is notorious for prostitution, and child abuse. Mumbai is the commercial capital of India. To it also goes the distinction of being the centre of economic offences. Land, arms and drug mafias have a well spread network there. They finance and help the production of magi mega budget films and have secret political links and influences. Mushrooming of slum colonies has also given rise in the rate of crimes in the cities. Mumbai has the largest slums. Mumbai is dotted with shanty townships. These slums and huge hopers are dens of all sorts of crimes. Other big cities and towns are not far behind in the matter of crimes. Child Criminals age also on rise. Children begin with petty crimes and then turn out notorious criminals in young age. Violence, Killings, murders, rape scenes etc., in films have helped in spread of crimes in children. They imitate what they see in films and TV serials. Unemployment and frustration among youth have contributed much to the rise in crimes. Unless these problems are solved, no significant achievements can be made in curbing crimes. Moreover, the police force and intelligence agencies should be made more efficient and effective. Police people should have a human face and be friendly to seek cooperation of the public. There should be no violation of human rights while dealing with criminals. Moreover is with sympathy, it care arid human approach that many a criminal can become useful citizen

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1343 Words

Chinua Achebe was born in Europe in 1930 during the transitional period of colonialism. He attended the University of Ibadan and later became a professor at two different universities, David and Marianna Fisher University and Brown University. To educate and inform the Nigerian people of the Umuofia village, Achebe wrote the novel Things Fall Apart. He wants to demonstrate that the Umuofia people that they were not primitive prior to the arrival of the Europeans. His purpose is to inform the Umuofias that the Europeans did not create the culture of their villages. To convey his message, Achebe used Okonkwo to be the protagonist of the story and to be a representative of the traditional lifestyle of the Ibo people. In the novel,†¦show more content†¦In the Christian belief system, there is only one God who created all things which populate the earth. They believed that once and individual dies they will go to either heaven or hell. They further believed that all peopl e will go before God to be judged and for those that worshiped him will live along side him for all eternity in heaven. As a result, the differences between the European and Ibo religions caused things to fall apart amongst the Ibo natives as some were opposed to changing their ways. The Umuofia village experienced conflict because some of the Ibo people wanted to listen the Europeans and follow their religion while others wanted to maintain their traditional religion. Amongst those that were opposed to the change was Okonkwo but not his son Nwoye. He saw this to be positive because Christianity saw everyone as equals instead of men displaying dominance. Nwoye found a way to separate himself from his father and the rest of the community. Nwoye was not the only one that saw Christianity as a way out of the tradition causing things to fall apart. The Europeans were offering many advantages that took immediate effect. The Umuofias were discovering new trade opportunities with the outside world and the Europeans were buying palm oil and palm-kernel from the Ibo at a very high price. Little did the Ibo know these new customs were slow causing things to fall apart. Mr. Brown, an European missionary, had started a new education